Scalability and Throughput Analysis

ERC‑0’s innovative design leverages advanced on‑protocol batching and zero‑knowledge proofs to enable extremely high throughput on Ethereum mainnet, all without requiring users to directly pay for gas per operation; to guard against abuse and ensure fairness, each account may enjoy up to 100 TPS and 10,000 total gasless transactions before a commit (zip) or disperse (unzip) is required to re‑enable further access. Under optimal conditions, the protocol aggregates 10,000 user operations into one on‑chain batch transaction costing approximately 100,000 gas.

With an Ethereum block gas limit of 36,000,000 gas, about 360 batched transactions can be executed per block. Given an average block time of 12 seconds, this results in:

Mathematical Breakdown

1. Batches per Block
   The number of batches per block can be calculated as follows:

   • Batches per Block = 36,000,000 gas ÷ 100,000 gas per batch
   • Batches per Block = 360 batches

2. Transactions per Second (TPS)
   To calculate the number of transactions per second (TPS), first, we need to find how many virtual transactions are processed per block. Since each batch contains 10,000 user operations:

   • Virtual Transactions per Block = 360 batches × 10,000 operations per batch
   • Virtual Transactions per Block = 3,600,000 virtual transactions

   Then, to calculate the transactions per second (TPS), we divide the total virtual transactions per block by the block time of 12 seconds:

   • TPS = 3,600,000 virtual transactions ÷ 12 seconds
   • TPS = 300,000 TPS

This calculation demonstrates how ERC‑0 can achieve a theoretical maximum throughput of 300,000 transactions per second, while keeping the protocol entirely on Ethereum and preserving its security and liquidity.